/python-patterns

name: python-patterns
description: Pythonic idioms, PEP 8 standards, type hints, and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable Python applications.
metadata:
  origin: ECC

Python Development Patterns

Idiomatic Python patterns and best practices for building robust, efficient, and maintainable applications.

When to Activate

• Writing new Python code
• Reviewing Python code
• Refactoring existing Python code
• Designing Python packages/modules

Core Principles

1. Readability Counts

Python prioritizes readability. Code should be obvious and easy to understand.

# Good: Clear and readable
def get_active_users(users: list[User]) -> list[User]:
    """Return only active users from the provided list."""
    return [user for user in users if user.is_active]


# Bad: Clever but confusing
def get_active_users(u):
    return [x for x in u if x.a]

2. Explicit is Better Than Implicit

Avoid magic; be clear about what your code does.

# Good: Explicit configuration
import logging

logging.basicConfig(
    level=logging.INFO,
    format='%(asctime)s - %(name)s - %(levelname)s - %(message)s'
)

# Bad: Hidden side effects
import some_module
some_module.setup()  # What does this do?

3. EAFP - Easier to Ask Forgiveness Than Permission

Python prefers exception handling over checking conditions.

# Good: EAFP style
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str, default_value: Any = None) -> Any:
    try:
        return dictionary[key]
    except KeyError:
        return default_value

# Bad: LBYL (Look Before You Leap) style
def get_value(dictionary: dict, key: str, default_value: Any = None) -> Any:
    if key in dictionary:
        return dictionary[key]
    else:
        return default_value

Type Hints

Basic Type Annotations

from typing import Optional, List, Dict, Any

def process_user(
    user_id: str,
    data: Dict[str, Any],
    active: bool = True
) -> Optional[User]:
    """Process a user and return the updated User or None."""
    if not active:
        return None
    return User(user_id, data)

Modern Type Hints (Python 3.9+)

# Python 3.9+ - Use built-in types
def process_items(items: list[str]) -> dict[str, int]:
    return {item: len(item) for item in items}

# Python 3.8 and earlier - Use typing module
from typing import List, Dict

def process_items(items: List[str]) -> Dict[str, int]:
    return {item: len(item) for item in items}

Type Aliases and TypeVar

from typing import TypeVar, Union

# Type alias for complex types
JSON = Union[dict[str, Any], list[Any], str, int, float, bool, None]

def parse_json(data: str) -> JSON:
    return json.loads(data)

# Generic types
T = TypeVar('T')

def first(items: list[T]) -> T | None:
    """Return the first item or None if list is empty."""
    return items[0] if items else None

Protocol-Based Duck Typing

from typing import Protocol

class Renderable(Protocol):
    def render(self) -> str:
        """Render the object to a string."""

def render_all(items: list[Renderable]) -> str:
    """Render all items that implement the Renderable protocol."""
    return "\n".join(item.render() for item in items)

Error Handling Patterns

Specific Exception Handling

# Good: Catch specific exceptions
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            return Config.from_json(f.read())
    except FileNotFoundError as e:
        raise ConfigError(f"Config file not found: {path}") from e
    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        raise ConfigError(f"Invalid JSON in config: {path}") from e

# Bad: Bare except
def load_config(path: str) -> Config:
    try:
        with open(path) as f:
            return Config.from_json(f.read())
    except:
        return None  # Silent failure!

Exception Chaining

def process_data(data: str) -> Result:
    try:
        parsed = json.loads(data)
    except json.JSONDecodeError as e:
        # Chain exceptions to preserve the traceback
        raise ValueError(f"Failed to parse data: {data}") from e

Custom Exception Hierarchy

class AppError(Exception):
    """Base exception for all application errors."""
    pass

class ValidationError(AppError):
    """Raised when input validation fails."""
    pass

class NotFoundError(AppError):
    """Raised when a requested resource is not found."""
    pass

# Usage
def get_user(user_id: str) -> User:
    user = db.find_user(user_id)
    if not user:
        raise NotFoundError(f"User not found: {user_id}")
    return user

Context Managers

Resource Management

# Good: Using context managers
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
    with open(path, 'r') as f:
        return f.read()

# Bad: Manual resource management
def process_file(path: str) -> str:
    f = open(path, 'r')
    try:
        return f.read()
    finally:
        f.close()

Custom Context Managers

from contextlib import contextmanager

@contextmanager
def timer(name: str):
    """Context manager to time a block of code."""
    start = time.perf_counter()
    yield
    elapsed = time.perf_counter() - start
    print(f"{name} took {elapsed:.4f} seconds")

# Usage
with timer("data processing"):
    process_large_dataset()

Context Manager Classes

class DatabaseTransaction:
    def __init__(self, connection):
        self.connection = connection

    def __enter__(self):
        self.connection.begin_transaction()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        if exc_type is None:
            self.connection.commit()
        else:
            self.connection.rollback()
        return False  # Don't suppress exceptions

# Usage
with DatabaseTransaction(conn):
    user = conn.create_user(user_data)
    conn.create_profile(user.id, profile_data)

Comprehensions and Gene