/java-migration

name: java-migration
description: Guide for upgrading Java projects between major versions (8→11→17→21→25). Use when user says "upgrade Java", "migrate to Java 25", "update Java version", or when modernizing legacy projects.

Java Migration Skill

Step-by-step guide for upgrading Java projects between major versions.

When to Use

• User says "upgrade to Java 25" / "migrate from Java 8" / "update Java version"
• Modernizing legacy projects
• Spring Boot 2.x → 3.x → 4.x migration
• Preparing for LTS version adoption

Migration Paths

Java 8 (LTS) → Java 11 (LTS) → Java 17 (LTS) → Java 21 (LTS) → Java 25 (LTS)
     │              │               │              │               │
     └──────────────┴───────────────┴──────────────┴───────────────┘
                         Always migrate LTS → LTS

---

Quick Reference: What Breaks

| From → To | Major Breaking Changes | |-----------|------------------------| | 8 → 11 | Removed `javax.xml.bind`, module system, internal APIs | | 11 → 17 | Sealed classes (preview→final), strong encapsulation | | 17 → 21 | Pattern matching changes, `finalize()` deprecated for removal | | 21 → 25 | Security Manager removed, Unsafe methods removed, 32-bit dropped |

---

Migration Workflow

Step 1: Assess Current State

# Check current Java version
java -version

# Check compiler target in Maven
grep -r "maven.compiler" pom.xml

# Find usage of removed APIs
grep -r "sun\." --include="*.java" src/
grep -r "javax\.xml\.bind" --include="*.java" src/

Step 2: Update Build Configuration

**Maven:**

<properties>
    <java.version>21</java.version>
    <maven.compiler.source>${java.version}</maven.compiler.source>
    <maven.compiler.target>${java.version}</maven.compiler.target>
</properties>

<!-- Or with compiler plugin -->
<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-compiler-plugin</artifactId>
    <version>3.12.1</version>
    <configuration>
        <release>21</release>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

**Gradle:**

java {
    toolchain {
        languageVersion = JavaLanguageVersion.of(21)
    }
}

Step 3: Fix Compilation Errors

Run compile and fix errors iteratively:

mvn clean compile 2>&1 | head -50

Step 4: Run Tests

mvn test

Step 5: Check Runtime Warnings

# Run with illegal-access warnings
java --illegal-access=warn -jar app.jar

---

Java 8 → 11 Migration

Removed APIs

| Removed | Replacement | |---------|-------------| | `javax.xml.bind` (JAXB) | Add dependency: `jakarta.xml.bind-api` + `jaxb-runtime` | | `javax.activation` | Add dependency: `jakarta.activation-api` | | `javax.annotation` | Add dependency: `jakarta.annotation-api` | | `java.corba` | No replacement (rarely used) | | `java.transaction` | Add dependency: `jakarta.transaction-api` | | `sun.misc.Base64*` | Use `java.util.Base64` | | `sun.misc.Unsafe` (partially) | Use `VarHandle` where possible |

Add Missing Dependencies (Maven)

<!-- JAXB (if needed) -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.xml.bind</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.xml.bind-api</artifactId>
    <version>4.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jaxb</groupId>
    <artifactId>jaxb-runtime</artifactId>
    <version>4.0.4</version>
    <scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>

<!-- Annotation API -->
<dependency>
    <groupId>jakarta.annotation</groupId>
    <artifactId>jakarta.annotation-api</artifactId>
    <version>2.1.1</version>
</dependency>

Module System Issues

If using reflection on JDK internals, add JVM flags:

--add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED
--add-opens java.base/java.util=ALL-UNNAMED

**Maven Surefire:**

<plugin>
    <groupId>org.apache.maven.plugins</groupId>
    <artifactId>maven-surefire-plugin</artifactId>
    <configuration>
        <argLine>
            --add-opens java.base/java.lang=ALL-UNNAMED
        </argLine>
    </configuration>
</plugin>

New Features to Adopt

// var (local variable type inference)
var list = new ArrayList<String>();  // instead of ArrayList<String> list = ...

// String methods
"  hello  ".isBlank();      // true for whitespace-only
"  hello  ".strip();        // better trim() (Unicode-aware)
"line1\nline2".lines();     // Stream<String>
"ha".repeat(3);             // "hahaha"

// Collection factory methods (Java 9+)
List.of("a", "b", "c");     // immutable list
Set.of(1, 2, 3);            // immutable set
Map.of("k1", "v1");         // immutable map

// Optional improvements
optional.ifPresentOrElse(
    value -> process(value),
    () -> handleEmpty()
);

// HTTP Client (replaces HttpURLConnection)
HttpClient client = HttpClient.newHttpClient();
HttpRequest request = HttpRequest.newBuilder()
    .uri(URI.create("https://api.example.com"))
    .build();
HttpResponse<String> response = client.send(request,
    HttpResponse.BodyHandlers.ofString());

---

Java 11 → 17 Migration

Breaking Changes

| Change | Impact | |--------|--------| | Strong encapsulation | `--illegal-access` no longer works, must use explicit `--add-opens` | | Sealed classes (final) | If you used preview features | | Pattern matching instanceof | Preview → final syntax change |

New Features to Adopt

// Records (immutable data classes)
public record User(String name, String email) {}
// Auto-generates: constructor, getters, equals, hashCode, toString

// Sealed classes
public sealed class Shape permits Circle, Rectangle {}
public final class Circle extends Shape {}
public final class Rectangle extends Shape {}

// Pattern matching for instanceof
if (obj instanceof String s) {
    System.out.println(s.length());  // s already cast
}

// Switch expressions
String result = switch (day) {
    case MONDAY, FRIDAY -> "Work";
    case SATURDAY, SUNDAY -> "Rest";
    default -> "Midweek";
};

// Text blocks
String json = """
    {
        "name": "Jo