/architecture-review

name: architecture-review
description: Analyze Java project architecture at macro level - package structure, module boundaries, dependency direction, and layering. Use when user asks "review architecture", "check structure", "package organization", or when evaluating if a codebase follows clean architecture principles.

Architecture Review Skill

Analyze project structure at the macro level - packages, modules, layers, and boundaries.

When to Use

• User asks "review the architecture" / "check project structure"
• Evaluating package organization
• Checking dependency direction between layers
• Identifying architectural violations
• Assessing clean/hexagonal architecture compliance

---

Quick Reference: Architecture Smells

| Smell | Symptom | Impact | |-------|---------|--------| | Package-by-layer bloat | `service/` with 50+ classes | Hard to find related code | | Domain → Infra dependency | Entity imports `@Repository` | Core logic tied to framework | | Circular dependencies | A → B → C → A | Untestable, fragile | | God package | `util/` or `common/` growing | Dump for misplaced code | | Leaky abstractions | Controller knows SQL | Layer boundaries violated |

---

Package Organization Strategies

Package-by-Layer (Traditional)

com.example.app/
├── controller/
│   ├── UserController.java
│   ├── OrderController.java
│   └── ProductController.java
├── service/
│   ├── UserService.java
│   ├── OrderService.java
│   └── ProductService.java
├── repository/
│   ├── UserRepository.java
│   ├── OrderRepository.java
│   └── ProductRepository.java
└── model/
    ├── User.java
    ├── Order.java
    └── Product.java

**Pros**: Familiar, simple for small projects **Cons**: Scatters related code, doesn't scale, hard to extract modules

Package-by-Feature (Recommended)

com.example.app/
├── user/
│   ├── UserController.java
│   ├── UserService.java
│   ├── UserRepository.java
│   └── User.java
├── order/
│   ├── OrderController.java
│   ├── OrderService.java
│   ├── OrderRepository.java
│   └── Order.java
└── product/
    ├── ProductController.java
    ├── ProductService.java
    ├── ProductRepository.java
    └── Product.java

**Pros**: Related code together, easy to extract, clear boundaries **Cons**: May need shared kernel for cross-cutting concerns

Hexagonal/Clean Architecture

com.example.app/
├── domain/                    # Pure business logic (no framework imports)
│   ├── model/
│   │   └── User.java
│   ├── port/
│   │   ├── in/               # Use cases (driven)
│   │   │   └── CreateUserUseCase.java
│   │   └── out/              # Repositories (driving)
│   │       └── UserRepository.java
│   └── service/
│       └── UserDomainService.java
├── application/               # Use case implementations
│   └── CreateUserService.java
├── adapter/
│   ├── in/
│   │   └── web/
│   │       └── UserController.java
│   └── out/
│       └── persistence/
│           ├── UserJpaRepository.java
│           └── UserEntity.java
└── config/
    └── BeanConfiguration.java

**Key rule**: Dependencies point inward (adapters → application → domain)

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Dependency Direction Rules

The Golden Rule

┌─────────────────────────────────────────┐
│              Frameworks                 │  ← Outer (volatile)
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│           Adapters (Web, DB)            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│         Application Services            │
├─────────────────────────────────────────┤
│          Domain (Core Logic)            │  ← Inner (stable)
└─────────────────────────────────────────┘

Dependencies MUST point inward only.
Inner layers MUST NOT know about outer layers.

Violations to Flag

// ❌ Domain depends on infrastructure
package com.example.domain.model;

import org.springframework.data.jpa.repository.JpaRepository;  // Framework leak!
import javax.persistence.Entity;  // JPA in domain!

@Entity
public class User {
    // Domain polluted with persistence concerns
}

// ❌ Domain depends on adapter
package com.example.domain.service;

import com.example.adapter.out.persistence.UserJpaRepository;  // Wrong direction!

// ✅ Domain defines port, adapter implements
package com.example.domain.port.out;

public interface UserRepository {  // Pure interface, no JPA
    User findById(UserId id);
    void save(User user);
}

---

Architecture Review Checklist

1. Package Structure

• [ ] Clear organization strategy (by-layer, by-feature, or hexagonal)
• [ ] Consistent naming across modules
• [ ] No `util/` or `common/` packages growing unbounded
• [ ] Feature packages are cohesive (related code together)

2. Dependency Direction

• [ ] Domain has ZERO framework imports (Spring, JPA, Jackson)
• [ ] Adapters depend on domain, not vice versa
• [ ] No circular dependencies between packages
• [ ] Clear dependency hierarchy

3. Layer Boundaries

• [ ] Controllers don't contain business logic
• [ ] Services don't know about HTTP (no HttpServletRequest)
• [ ] Repositories don't leak into controllers
• [ ] DTOs at boundaries, domain objects inside

4. Module Boundaries

• [ ] Each module has clear public API
• [ ] Internal classes are package-private
• [ ] Cross-module communication through interfaces
• [ ] No "reaching across" modules for internals

5. Scalability Indicators

• [ ] Could extract a feature to separate service? (microservice-ready)
• [ ] Are boundaries enforced or just conventional?
• [ ] Does adding a feature require touching many packages?

---

Common Anti-Patterns

1. The Big Ball of Mud

src/main/java/com/example/
└── app/
    ├── User.java
    ├── UserController.java
    ├── UserService.java
    ├── UserRepository.java
    ├── Order.java
    ├── OrderController.java
    ├── ... (100+ files in one package)

**Fix**: Introduce package structure (start with by-feature)

2. The Util Dumping Ground

util/
├── StringUtils.java
├── DateUtils.j