/cpp-server

name: cpp-server
description: SpacetimeDB C++ server module SDK reference. Use when writing tables, reducers, or module logic in C++.
license: Apache-2.0
metadata:
  author: clockworklabs
  version: "2.0"
  role: server
  language: cpp
  cursor_globs: "**/*.cpp,**/*.h,**/*.hpp"
  cursor_always_apply: true

SpacetimeDB C++ SDK Reference

Imports

#include <spacetimedb.h>
using namespace SpacetimeDB;

Tables

Register structs with macros, then declare as tables:

struct Entity {
    uint64_t id;
    Identity owner;
    std::string name;
    bool active;
};
SPACETIMEDB_STRUCT(Entity, id, owner, name, active)
SPACETIMEDB_TABLE(Entity, entity, Public)
FIELD_PrimaryKeyAutoInc(entity, id)
FIELD_Index(entity, name)

Options:

• `SPACETIMEDB_TABLE(Type, accessor, Public|Private)`: regular table
• `SPACETIMEDB_TABLE(Type, accessor, Public|Private, true)`: event table

Field constraints:

• `FIELD_PrimaryKey(accessor, field)`: primary key
• `FIELD_PrimaryKeyAutoInc(accessor, field)`: primary key with auto-increment (use 0 on insert)
• `FIELD_Unique(accessor, field)`: unique constraint
• `FIELD_Index(accessor, field)`: btree index (enables `.filter()`)

Column Types

| C++ type | Notes | |----------|-------| | `uint8_t` / `uint16_t` / `uint32_t` / `uint64_t` | unsigned integers | | `SpacetimeDB::u128` / `SpacetimeDB::u256` | large unsigned integers | | `int8_t` / `int16_t` / `int32_t` / `int64_t` | signed integers | | `SpacetimeDB::i128` / `SpacetimeDB::i256` | large signed integers | | `float` / `double` | floats | | `bool` | boolean | | `std::string` | text | | `std::vector<T>` | list/array | | `std::optional<T>` | nullable column | | `Identity` | user identity | | `ConnectionId` | connection handle | | `Timestamp` | server timestamp (microseconds since epoch) | | `TimeDuration` | duration in microseconds | | `ScheduleAt` | for scheduled tables |

Indexes

// Single-column:
FIELD_Index(entity, name)
// Access: ctx.db[entity_name].filter("Alice")

// Multi-column:
FIELD_NamedMultiColumnIndex(score, by_player_and_level, player_id, level)

Range queries (included by `spacetimedb.h`; include `<spacetimedb/range_queries.h>` directly only when not using the umbrella header):

ctx.db[user_age].filter(range_inclusive(uint8_t(18), uint8_t(65)));
ctx.db[user_age].filter(range_from(uint8_t(18)));

Reducers

All reducers return `ReducerResult`. Use `Ok()` or `Err(message)`:

SPACETIMEDB_REDUCER(create_entity, ReducerContext ctx, std::string name) {
    if (name.empty()) {
        return Err("Name cannot be empty");
    }
    ctx.db[entity].insert(Entity{0, ctx.sender(), name, true});
    return Ok();
}

DB Operations

ctx.db[entity].insert(Entity{0, owner, "Sample", true});     // Insert (0 for autoInc)
ctx.db[entity_id].find(entityId);                             // Find by PK → std::optional
ctx.db[entity_identity].find(ctx.sender());                   // Find by unique column
ctx.db[entity_name].filter("Alice");                          // Filter by index → iterable
ctx.db[entity];                                               // All rows → iterable (range-for)
ctx.db[entity].count();                                       // Count rows

// Update: find, mutate, update
if (auto e = ctx.db[entity_id].find(entityId)) {
    e->name = "New Name";
    ctx.db[entity_id].update(*e);
}

// Delete by primary key
ctx.db[entity_id].delete_by_key(entityId);

Note: Bracket notation `ctx.db[accessor]` is used for all table access. The accessor name comes from `SPACETIMEDB_TABLE` and `FIELD_*` macros.

Lifecycle Hooks

SPACETIMEDB_INIT(init, ReducerContext ctx) {
    LOG_INFO("Database initializing...");
    return Ok();
}

SPACETIMEDB_CLIENT_CONNECTED(on_connect, ReducerContext ctx) {
    LOG_INFO("Connected: " + ctx.sender().to_string());
    return Ok();
}

SPACETIMEDB_CLIENT_DISCONNECTED(on_disconnect, ReducerContext ctx) {
    LOG_INFO("Disconnected: " + ctx.sender().to_string());
    return Ok();
}

Authentication & Timestamps

// Auth: ctx.sender() is the caller's Identity
if (row.owner != ctx.sender()) {
    return Err("unauthorized");
}

// Server timestamps
ctx.db[item].insert(Item{0, ctx.sender(), ctx.timestamp});

// Timestamp arithmetic
Timestamp later = ctx.timestamp + TimeDuration::from_seconds(10);

Reducer Context

`ReducerContext` is the single source of sender identity, deterministic time, and deterministic randomness inside a reducer. Always go through `ctx` for these. Standard library clocks and random sources are not available in modules.

ctx.db[table]          // Table access (bracket notation)
ctx.sender()           // Caller's Identity
ctx.timestamp          // Invocation timestamp
ctx.connection_id      // std::optional<ConnectionId>
ctx.identity()         // Module's own identity
ctx.rng()              // Deterministic RNG
ctx.sender_auth()      // AuthCtx with JWT claims

Scheduled Tables

struct Reminder {
    uint64_t scheduled_id;
    ScheduleAt scheduled_at;
    std::string message;
};
SPACETIMEDB_STRUCT(Reminder, scheduled_id, scheduled_at, message)
SPACETIMEDB_TABLE(Reminder, reminder, Public)
FIELD_PrimaryKeyAutoInc(reminder, scheduled_id)
SPACETIMEDB_SCHEDULE(reminder, 1, send_reminder)  // 1 = scheduled_at field index (0-based)

SPACETIMEDB_REDUCER(send_reminder, ReducerContext ctx, Reminder arg) {
    LOG_INFO("Reminder: " + arg.message);
    return Ok();
}

// One-time: fires at a specific time
ctx.db[reminder].insert(Reminder{0, ScheduleAt::time(ctx.timestamp + TimeDuration::from_seconds(10)), "msg"});
// Repeating: fires on an interval
ctx.db[reminder].insert(Reminder{0, ScheduleAt::interval(TimeDuration::from_seconds(5)), "msg"});

Custom Types

// Struct (product type):
struct Point { float x; float y; };
SPACETIMEDB_STRUCT(Point, x, y)

// Enum (sum type):
SPACETIMEDB_UNIT_TYPE(Active)
SPACETIMEDB_UNIT_TYPE(Inactive)
SPACET