/csharp-concurrency-patterns

name: csharp-concurrency-patterns
description: Choosing the right concurrency abstraction in .NET - from async/await for I/O to Channels for producer/consumer to Akka.NET for stateful entity management. Avoid locks and manual synchronization unless absolutely necessary.
invocable: false

.NET Concurrency: Choosing the Right Tool

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Deciding how to handle concurrent operations in .NET
• Evaluating whether to use async/await, Channels, Akka.NET, or other abstractions
• Tempted to use locks, semaphores, or other synchronization primitives
• Need to process streams of data with backpressure, batching, or debouncing
• Managing state across multiple concurrent entities

Reference Files

• [advanced-concurrency.md](advanced-concurrency.md): Akka.NET Streams, Reactive Extensions, Akka.NET Actors (entity-per-actor, state machines, cluster sharding), and async local function patterns

The Philosophy

**Start simple, escalate only when needed.**

Most concurrency problems can be solved with `async/await`. Only reach for more sophisticated tools when you have a specific need that async/await can't address cleanly.

**Try to avoid shared mutable state.** The best way to handle concurrency is to design it away. Immutable data, message passing, and isolated state (like actors) eliminate entire categories of bugs.

**Locks should be the exception, not the rule.** When you can't avoid shared mutable state: 1. **First choice:** Redesign to avoid it (immutability, message passing, actor isolation) 2. **Second choice:** Use `System.Collections.Concurrent` (ConcurrentDictionary, etc.) 3. **Third choice:** Use `Channel<T>` to serialize access through message passing 4. **Last resort:** Use `lock` for simple, short-lived critical sections

---

Decision Tree

What are you trying to do?
│
├─► Wait for I/O (HTTP, database, file)?
│   └─► Use async/await
│
├─► Process a collection in parallel (CPU-bound)?
│   └─► Use Parallel.ForEachAsync
│
├─► Producer/consumer pattern (work queue)?
│   └─► Use System.Threading.Channels
│
├─► UI event handling (debounce, throttle, combine)?
│   └─► Use Reactive Extensions (Rx)
│
├─► Server-side stream processing (backpressure, batching)?
│   └─► Use Akka.NET Streams
│
├─► State machines with complex transitions?
│   └─► Use Akka.NET Actors (Become pattern)
│
├─► Manage state for many independent entities?
│   └─► Use Akka.NET Actors (entity-per-actor)
│
├─► Coordinate multiple async operations?
│   └─► Use Task.WhenAll / Task.WhenAny
│
└─► None of the above fits?
    └─► Ask yourself: "Do I really need shared mutable state?"
        ├─► Yes → Consider redesigning to avoid it
        └─► Truly unavoidable → Use Channels or Actors to serialize access

---

Level 1: async/await (Default Choice)

**Use for:** I/O-bound operations, non-blocking waits, most everyday concurrency.

// Simple async I/O
public async Task<Order> GetOrderAsync(string orderId, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var order = await _database.GetAsync(orderId, ct);
    var customer = await _customerService.GetAsync(order.CustomerId, ct);
    return order with { Customer = customer };
}

// Parallel async operations (when independent)
public async Task<Dashboard> LoadDashboardAsync(string userId, CancellationToken ct)
{
    var ordersTask = _orderService.GetRecentOrdersAsync(userId, ct);
    var notificationsTask = _notificationService.GetUnreadAsync(userId, ct);
    var statsTask = _statsService.GetUserStatsAsync(userId, ct);

    await Task.WhenAll(ordersTask, notificationsTask, statsTask);

    return new Dashboard(
        Orders: await ordersTask,
        Notifications: await notificationsTask,
        Stats: await statsTask);
}

**Key principles:** Always accept `CancellationToken`. Use `ConfigureAwait(false)` in library code. Don't block on async code.

---

Level 2: Parallel.ForEachAsync (CPU-Bound Parallelism)

**Use for:** Processing collections in parallel when work is CPU-bound or you need controlled concurrency.

public async Task ProcessOrdersAsync(
    IEnumerable<Order> orders,
    CancellationToken ct)
{
    await Parallel.ForEachAsync(
        orders,
        new ParallelOptions
        {
            MaxDegreeOfParallelism = Environment.ProcessorCount,
            CancellationToken = ct
        },
        async (order, token) =>
        {
            await ProcessOrderAsync(order, token);
        });
}

**When NOT to use:** Pure I/O operations, when order matters, when you need backpressure.

---

Level 3: System.Threading.Channels (Producer/Consumer)

**Use for:** Work queues, producer/consumer patterns, decoupling producers from consumers.

public class OrderProcessor
{
    private readonly Channel<Order> _channel;

    public OrderProcessor()
    {
        _channel = Channel.CreateBounded<Order>(new BoundedChannelOptions(100)
        {
            FullMode = BoundedChannelFullMode.Wait
        });
    }

    // Producer
    public async Task EnqueueOrderAsync(Order order, CancellationToken ct)
    {
        await _channel.Writer.WriteAsync(order, ct);
    }

    // Consumer (run as background task)
    public async Task ProcessOrdersAsync(CancellationToken ct)
    {
        await foreach (var order in _channel.Reader.ReadAllAsync(ct))
        {
            await ProcessOrderAsync(order, ct);
        }
    }

    public void Complete() => _channel.Writer.Complete();
}

**Channels are good for:** Decoupling speed, buffering with backpressure, fan-out to workers, background queues.

**Channels are NOT good for:** Complex stream operations (batching, windowing), stateful per-entity processing, sophisticated supervision.

---

Level 4+: Akka.NET Streams, Reactive Extensions, Actors

For advanced scenarios requiring stream processing, UI event composition, or stateful entity management, see [advanced-concurrency.md](advanced-concurrency.md).

**Akka.NET Streams** excel at server