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PostgreSQL 数据库模式,用于查询优化、架构设计、索引和安全性。基于 Supabase 最佳实践。

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everything-claude-code
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Install
$ npx -y skills add xu-xiang/everything-claude-code-zh --skill postgres-patterns --agent claude-code

How it fires

How this skill gets triggered: by you, by Claude, or both.

  • Fires itselfAuto-invocation. Claude auto-loads it when your prompt matches the work.Auto-invocation is when the right skill fires by itself at the right moment, driven by a FLOW.md router and a hook, instead of you invoking it by name. It is the difference between a skill being installed and a skill actually getting used.Read the full definition →
  • You can call itInvoke it directly when you want it.
  • Slash command/postgres-patterns

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PostgreSQL 数据库模式,用于查询优化、架构设计、索引和安全性。基于 Supabase 最佳实践。

SKILL.md

postgres-patterns.SKILL.md
name: postgres-patterns
description: PostgreSQL 数据库模式,用于查询优化、架构设计、索引和安全性。基于 Supabase 最佳实践。
origin: ECC

PostgreSQL 最佳实践模式 (PostgreSQL Patterns)

PostgreSQL 最佳实践快速参考。如需详细指导,请使用 `database-reviewer` 智能体 (Agent)。

何时激活

  • 编写 SQL 查询或迁移脚本
  • 设计数据库架构 (Schema)
  • 排查慢查询问题
  • 实现行级安全性 (Row Level Security, RLS)
  • 设置连接池 (Connection Pooling)

快速参考

索引速查表 (Index Cheat Sheet)

| 查询模式 | 索引类型 | 示例 | |--------------|------------|---------| | `WHERE col = value` | B-tree (默认) | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)` | | `WHERE col > value` | B-tree | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (col)` | | `WHERE a = x AND b > y` | 复合索引 (Composite) | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t (a, b)` | | `WHERE jsonb @> '{}'` | GIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)` | | `WHERE tsv @@ query` | GIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING gin (col)` | | 时间序列范围 | BRIN | `CREATE INDEX idx ON t USING brin (col)` |

数据类型快速参考

| 用例 | 正确类型 | 应避免 | |----------|-------------|-------| | ID | `bigint` | `int`, 随机 UUID | | 字符串 | `text` | `varchar(255)` | | 时间戳 | `timestamptz` | `timestamp` | | 金额 | `numeric(10,2)` | `float` | | 标记位 (Flags) | `boolean` | `varchar`, `int` |

常用模式

**复合索引顺序:**

-- 等值列(Equality columns)在前,范围列(Range columns)在后
CREATE INDEX idx ON orders (status, created_at);
-- 适用于:WHERE status = 'pending' AND created_at > '2024-01-01'

**覆盖索引 (Covering Index):**

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) INCLUDE (name, created_at);
-- 避免在执行 SELECT email, name, created_at 时进行回表查询 (Table lookup)

**部分索引 (Partial Index):**

CREATE INDEX idx ON users (email) WHERE deleted_at IS NULL;
-- 索引更小,仅包含活跃用户

**RLS 策略(优化版):**

CREATE POLICY policy ON orders
  USING ((SELECT auth.uid()) = user_id);  -- 包装在 SELECT 中!

**UPSERT (更新或插入):**

INSERT INTO settings (user_id, key, value)
VALUES (123, 'theme', 'dark')
ON CONFLICT (user_id, key)
DO UPDATE SET value = EXCLUDED.value;

**游标分页 (Cursor Pagination):**

SELECT * FROM products WHERE id > $last_id ORDER BY id LIMIT 20;
-- O(1) 复杂度,优于 O(n) 的 OFFSET

**队列处理 (Queue Processing):**

UPDATE jobs SET status = 'processing'
WHERE id = (
  SELECT id FROM jobs WHERE status = 'pending'
  ORDER BY created_at LIMIT 1
  FOR UPDATE SKIP LOCKED
) RETURNING *;

反模式检测 (Anti-Pattern Detection)

-- 查找未建立索引的外键
SELECT conrelid::regclass, a.attname
FROM pg_constraint c
JOIN pg_attribute a ON a.attrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(c.conkey)
WHERE c.contype = 'f'
  AND NOT EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM pg_index i
    WHERE i.indrelid = c.conrelid AND a.attnum = ANY(i.indkey)
  );

-- 查找慢查询
SELECT query, mean_exec_time, calls
FROM pg_stat_statements
WHERE mean_exec_time > 100
ORDER BY mean_exec_time DESC;

-- 检查表膨胀 (Table Bloat)
SELECT relname, n_dead_tup, last_vacuum
FROM pg_stat_user_tables
WHERE n_dead_tup > 1000
ORDER BY n_dead_tup DESC;

配置模板

-- 连接限制 (根据 RAM 调整)
ALTER SYSTEM SET max_connections = 100;
ALTER SYSTEM SET work_mem = '8MB';

-- 超时设置
ALTER SYSTEM SET idle_in_transaction_session_timeout = '30s';
ALTER SYSTEM SET statement_timeout = '30s';

-- 监控
CREATE EXTENSION IF NOT EXISTS pg_stat_statements;

-- 安全默认值
REVOKE ALL ON SCHEMA public FROM public;

SELECT pg_reload_conf();

相关资源

  • 智能体 (Agent):`database-reviewer` - 完整数据库审查工作流
  • 技能 (Skill):`clickhouse-io` - ClickHouse 分析模式
  • 技能 (Skill):`backend-patterns` - API 和后端模式

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*基于 Supabase 智能体技能 (Supabase Agent Skills) (致谢: Supabase 团队) (MIT 许可证)*

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