/project-structure

name: project-structure
description: >
  .NET solution and project structure conventions. Covers .slnx format,
  Directory.Build.props, Directory.Packages.props for central package management,
  global usings, and naming conventions.
  Load this skill when setting up a new solution, adding projects, configuring
  build properties, or when the user mentions "solution structure", ".slnx",
  "Directory.Build.props", "central package management", "Directory.Packages.props",
  "global usings", ".editorconfig", "project layout", or "naming conventions".

Project Structure

Core Principles

1. **Central package management** — Use `Directory.Packages.props` to manage NuGet package versions in one place. No version numbers in individual `.csproj` files. 2. **Shared build properties** — Use `Directory.Build.props` for common settings (target framework, nullable, implicit usings). Don't repeat in every project. 3. **.slnx for solutions** — The new XML-based solution format is cleaner and more merge-friendly than the legacy `.sln` format. 4. **src/tests separation** — Source projects in `src/`, test projects in `tests/`. Clear boundary.

Patterns

Solution Layout

MyApp/
├── MyApp.slnx                       # Solution file
├── Directory.Build.props             # Shared MSBuild properties
├── Directory.Packages.props          # Central package management
├── .editorconfig                     # Code style rules
├── .gitignore
├── global.json                       # SDK version pinning
├── src/
│   ├── MyApp.Api/                    # Web API (entry point)
│   │   ├── MyApp.Api.csproj
│   │   ├── Program.cs
│   │   └── Features/
│   ├── MyApp.Domain/                 # Domain entities, value objects (optional)
│   │   └── MyApp.Domain.csproj
│   └── MyApp.Infrastructure/         # EF Core, external services (optional)
│       └── MyApp.Infrastructure.csproj
└── tests/
    └── MyApp.Api.Tests/
        └── MyApp.Api.Tests.csproj

Directory.Build.props

<Project>
  <PropertyGroup>
    <TargetFramework>net10.0</TargetFramework>
    <LangVersion>14</LangVersion>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
    <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
    <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
    <EnforceCodeStyleInBuild>true</EnforceCodeStyleInBuild>
  </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

Directory.Packages.props (Central Package Management)

<Project>
  <PropertyGroup>
    <ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>true</ManagePackageVersionsCentrally>
  </PropertyGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- Versions below are illustrative — resolve the current stable versions
         with `dotnet add package <name>` (no --version flag); see the packages rule -->
    <!-- ASP.NET Core -->
    <PackageVersion Include="Mediator.Abstractions" Version="3.0.0" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Mediator.SourceGenerator" Version="3.0.0" />
    <PackageVersion Include="FluentValidation.DependencyInjectionExtensions" Version="12.0.0" />

    <!-- Data -->
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" Version="10.0.10" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Npgsql.EntityFrameworkCore.PostgreSQL" Version="10.0.10" />

    <!-- Observability -->
    <PackageVersion Include="Serilog.AspNetCore" Version="10.0.0" />
    <PackageVersion Include="OpenTelemetry.Extensions.Hosting" Version="1.17.0" />

    <!-- Testing -->
    <PackageVersion Include="xunit.v3" Version="3.2.2" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Microsoft.AspNetCore.Mvc.Testing" Version="10.0.10" />
    <PackageVersion Include="Testcontainers.PostgreSql" Version="4.13.0" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

Project File (.csproj) with Central Package Management

<Project Sdk="Microsoft.NET.Sdk.Web">
  <!-- No TargetFramework here — inherited from Directory.Build.props -->

  <ItemGroup>
    <!-- No Version attribute — managed centrally -->
    <PackageReference Include="Mediator.Abstractions" />
    <PackageReference Include="Mediator.SourceGenerator" />
    <PackageReference Include="FluentValidation.DependencyInjectionExtensions" />
    <PackageReference Include="Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore" />
    <PackageReference Include="Npgsql.EntityFrameworkCore.PostgreSQL" />
    <PackageReference Include="Serilog.AspNetCore" />
  </ItemGroup>

  <ItemGroup>
    <ProjectReference Include="..\MyApp.Domain\MyApp.Domain.csproj" />
    <ProjectReference Include="..\MyApp.Infrastructure\MyApp.Infrastructure.csproj" />
  </ItemGroup>
</Project>

global.json (SDK Pinning)

{
  "sdk": {
    "version": "10.0.100",
    "rollForward": "latestFeature"
  }
}

.slnx Solution Format

<Solution>
  <Folder Name="/src/">
    <Project Path="src/MyApp.Api/MyApp.Api.csproj" />
    <Project Path="src/MyApp.Domain/MyApp.Domain.csproj" />
    <Project Path="src/MyApp.Infrastructure/MyApp.Infrastructure.csproj" />
  </Folder>
  <Folder Name="/tests/">
    <Project Path="tests/MyApp.Api.Tests/MyApp.Api.Tests.csproj" />
  </Folder>
</Solution>

Naming Conventions

| Element | Convention | Example | |---------|-----------|---------| | Solution | `CompanyName.AppName` or `AppName` | `MyApp.slnx` | | Project | `AppName.Layer` | `MyApp.Api`, `MyApp.Domain` | | Namespace | Matches folder path | `MyApp.Api.Features.Orders` | | Feature folder | PascalCase, plural | `Features/Orders/` | | Test project | `ProjectName.Tests` | `MyApp.Api.Tests` |

Anti-patterns

Don't Scatter Package Versions

<!-- BAD — version in every .csproj, version drift -->
<PackageReference Include="Mediator.Abstractions" Version="2.0.0" />  <!-- in Project A -->
<PackageReference Include="Mediator.Abstractions" Version="3.0.0" />  <!-- in Project B -->

<!-- GOOD — central management, one version -->
<!-- Directory.Packages.props: <PackageVersion Include="Mediator.Abstractions" Version="3.0.0" /> -->
<!-- .csproj: <PackageReference Include="Mediator.Abstractions" /> -->

Don't Repeat Build Properties

<!-- BAD — same properties i