/homelab-vlan-segmentation

name: homelab-vlan-segmentation
description: Segmenting home networks into VLANs for IoT, guest, trusted, and server traffic using UniFi, pfSense/OPNsense, and MikroTik — including switch trunk config, firewall rules, and wireless SSID mapping.
metadata:
  origin: community

Homelab VLAN Segmentation

How to split a home network into isolated VLANs so IoT devices, guests, and your main PCs cannot talk to each other. The most impactful security upgrade for a home network.

All firewall rules shown here add isolation between segments — they do not remove existing protections. Apply changes in a maintenance window and verify connectivity between segments after each step before moving on.

When to Use

• Setting up VLANs on a home network for the first time
• Isolating IoT devices (smart bulbs, cameras, TVs) from trusted devices
• Creating a guest Wi-Fi network that cannot reach home devices
• Explaining how VLANs work to someone unfamiliar with the concept
• Configuring trunk ports, access ports, and SSID-to-VLAN mapping
• Troubleshooting inter-VLAN routing or firewall rule issues on pfSense/OPNsense/UniFi

How It Works

Without VLANs — flat network:
  All devices on 192.168.1.0/24
  Smart TV (potential malware) → can reach your NAS, PCs, everything

With VLANs:
  VLAN 10 — Trusted    192.168.10.0/24  (PCs, phones, laptops)
  VLAN 20 — IoT        192.168.20.0/24  (smart TV, bulbs, cameras)
  VLAN 30 — Servers    192.168.30.0/24  (NAS, Pi, VMs)
  VLAN 40 — Guest      192.168.40.0/24  (visitor Wi-Fi)
  VLAN 99 — Management 192.168.99.0/24  (switch/AP web UIs)

  Smart TV → blocked from reaching 192.168.10.0/24 and 192.168.30.0/24
  Guests → internet only, cannot see any home devices

VLAN Design Template

VLAN  Name        Subnet              Gateway         Purpose
10    trusted     192.168.10.0/24     192.168.10.1    PCs, phones, laptops
20    iot         192.168.20.0/24     192.168.20.1    Smart home devices
30    servers     192.168.30.0/24     192.168.30.1    NAS, Pi, self-hosted
40    guest       192.168.40.0/24     192.168.40.1    Visitor Wi-Fi
99    management  192.168.99.0/24     192.168.99.1    Network gear web UIs

Examples

**Typical homelab with UniFi AP and managed switch:**

Scenario: 3-bedroom house, UniFi Dream Machine + UniFi 8-port switch + 2 APs

VLAN 10 — Trusted    192.168.10.0/24   MacBook, iPhones, iPad
VLAN 20 — IoT        192.168.20.0/24   Nest thermostat, Philips Hue, Ring doorbell, smart TVs
VLAN 30 — Servers    192.168.30.0/24   Synology NAS (192.168.30.10), Pi-hole (192.168.30.2)
VLAN 40 — Guest      192.168.40.0/24   Visitor Wi-Fi — internet only

SSID → VLAN mapping:
  "Home"      → VLAN 10 (WPA2, strong password, trusted devices only)
  "IoT"       → VLAN 20 (WPA2, separate password, printed on router for setup)
  "Guest"     → VLAN 40 (WPA2, simple password you can share freely)

Switch port behavior:
  Port 1  → trunk to router (tagged VLANs 10,20,30,40,99)
  Port 2  → trunk to APs (tagged VLANs 10,20,40; AP handles per-SSID tagging)
  Port 3  → access VLAN 30 (NAS — untagged, no VLAN awareness needed)
  Port 4  → access VLAN 30 (Pi-hole — untagged)
  Port 5–8 → access VLAN 10 (wired workstations)

Firewall rules applied (all rules add isolation, none remove existing protections):
  IoT → Trusted: BLOCK
  IoT → Servers: BLOCK except 192.168.30.2:53 (Pi-hole DNS allowed)
  IoT → Internet: ALLOW
  Guest → Local networks: BLOCK
  Guest → Internet: ALLOW
  Trusted → everywhere: ALLOW

UniFi Configuration

Create Networks in UniFi Controller

Settings → Networks → Create New Network

For each VLAN:
  Name: IoT
  Purpose: Corporate  (gives DHCP + routing)
  VLAN ID: 20
  Network: 192.168.20.0/24
  Gateway IP: 192.168.20.1
  DHCP: Enable
  DHCP Range: 192.168.20.100 – 192.168.20.254

Map SSIDs to VLANs (UniFi)

Settings → WiFi → Create New WiFi

  Name: IoT-Network
  Password: <separate password>
  Network: IoT  ← select your VLAN here
  # All devices connecting to this SSID land in VLAN 20

  Name: Guest
  Password: <guest password>
  Network: Guest
  Guest Policy: Enable  ← isolates guests from each other too

UniFi Firewall Rules (Traffic Rules)

Settings → Traffic & Security → Traffic Rules

# Block IoT from reaching Trusted VLAN
  Action: Block
  Category: Local Network
  Source: IoT (192.168.20.0/24)
  Destination: Trusted (192.168.10.0/24)

# Allow IoT to reach internet only
  Action: Allow
  Source: IoT
  Destination: Internet

# Block Guest from all local networks
  Action: Block
  Source: Guest
  Destination: Local Networks

pfSense / OPNsense Configuration

Create VLANs

Interfaces → Assignments → VLANs → Add

  Parent Interface: em1  (your LAN NIC)
  VLAN Tag: 20
  Description: IoT

# Repeat for each VLAN, then assign each VLAN to an interface:
Interfaces → Assignments → Add
  Select the VLAN you created → click Add
  Enable the interface, set IP to gateway address (192.168.20.1/24)

DHCP for Each VLAN

Services → DHCP Server → Select your VLAN interface

  Enable DHCP
  Range: 192.168.20.100 to 192.168.20.254
  DNS Servers: 192.168.30.2  ← Pi-hole IP if you have one

Firewall Rules (pfSense/OPNsense)

# Rules are processed top-to-bottom, first match wins.

# On the IoT interface (VLAN 20):
  Rule 1: Allow IoT → Pi-hole DNS  ← MUST come before the RFC1918 block rule
    Protocol: UDP/TCP
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: 192.168.30.2 port 53
    Action: Allow

  Rule 2: Block IoT → RFC1918 (all private IP ranges)
    Protocol: any
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: RFC1918  (192.168.0.0/16, 10.0.0.0/8, 172.16.0.0/12)
    Action: Block

  Rule 3: Allow IoT → internet
    Protocol: any
    Source: IoT net
    Destination: any
    Action: Allow

# On the Trusted interface (VLAN 10):
  Allow all (trusted devices can reach everything)
    Source: Trusted net
    Destination: any
    Action: Allow

# Additional exceptions for IoT device