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DevOps patterns: containerization, CI/CD, deployment strategies, monitoring. Use when containerizing apps, setting up pipelines, or deploying services.

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SKILL.md

devops.SKILL.md
name: devops
description: "DevOps patterns: containerization, CI/CD, deployment strategies, monitoring. Use when containerizing apps, setting up pipelines, or deploying services."
allowed-tools: Read, Write, Edit, Bash, Grep, Glob

DevOps 模式

本技能提供 DevOps 实践的最佳实践和模式,支持多平台按需加载。

触发条件

  • 容器化应用(Docker)
  • 配置 CI/CD 流水线
  • 部署服务到云平台
  • 设置监控和告警
  • 基础设施即代码

平台专属模式

根据项目需求,加载对应的平台专属文件:

| 平台 | 加载文件 | 内容 | | ------ | ----------- | ------------------------- | | Docker | `docker.md` | 容器化、Compose、镜像优化 | | CI/CD | `ci-cd.md` | GitHub Actions、GitLab CI |

**加载方式**: 检测项目中的 `Dockerfile`/`.github/workflows`/`k8s/` 等文件确定需求。

---

通用 DevOps 原则

12-Factor App 原则

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    12-Factor App 核心原则                     │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  1. Codebase        一个代码库,多个部署                      │
│  2. Dependencies    显式声明依赖                             │
│  3. Config          配置存储在环境变量中                      │
│  4. Backing Services 将后端服务视为附加资源                   │
│  5. Build/Release/Run 严格分离构建、发布、运行                │
│  6. Processes       以无状态进程运行应用                      │
│  7. Port Binding    通过端口绑定导出服务                      │
│  8. Concurrency     通过进程模型扩展                         │
│  9. Disposability   快速启动和优雅终止                       │
│ 10. Dev/Prod Parity 保持开发、预发、生产环境尽量相似          │
│ 11. Logs            将日志视为事件流                         │
│ 12. Admin Processes 将管理任务作为一次性进程运行              │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

环境管理

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                      环境流转                                │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Development → Staging → Production                         │
│       ↓           ↓           ↓                             │
│   本地开发      预发验证      线上环境                        │
│   .env.local   .env.staging  .env.production                │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

**环境变量管理**:

# .env.example(提交到 Git,作为模板)
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://user:password@localhost:5432/dbname
REDIS_URL=redis://localhost:6379
API_KEY=your-api-key-here

# .env.local(不提交,本地开发)
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://dev:dev@localhost:5432/myapp_dev

---

部署策略

| 策略 | 特点 | 适用场景 | | ------------ | ------------------------------------------ | -------------------- | | **蓝绿部署** | 双环境切换,零停机,回滚快 | 关键业务,零停机要求 | | **滚动部署** | 逐实例替换,maxSurge/maxUnavailable 控制 | 标准 K8s 部署 | | **金丝雀** | 5-10% 流量试验,渐进增量,监控错误率后全量 | 高风险功能发布 |

> 详细配置和流程图见 [docker.md](./docker.md) 和各云平台文档。

---

监控与可观测性

三大支柱

| 支柱 | 用途 | 工具 | | ----------- | ---------------- | ------------------- | | **Metrics** | 聚合的数值数据 | Prometheus, Datadog | | **Logs** | 离散的事件记录 | ELK, Loki | | **Traces** | 请求的分布式追踪 | Jaeger, Zipkin |

关键指标 (Golden Signals)

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                   四个黄金信号                               │
├─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│  Latency    响应时间 - p50, p95, p99                        │
│  Traffic    流量 - QPS, 请求数/秒                           │
│  Errors     错误率 - 5xx 比例, 失败请求                      │
│  Saturation 饱和度 - CPU, 内存, 磁盘使用率                   │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

告警规则示例

# Prometheus 告警规则
groups:
  - name: application
    rules:
      # 高错误率告警
      - alert: HighErrorRate
        expr: rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m]) / rate(http_requests_total[5m]) > 0.05
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: critical
        annotations:
          summary: "高错误率: {{ $value | humanizePercentage }}"

      # 高延迟告警
      - alert: HighLatency
        expr: histogram_quantile(0.95, rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) > 1
        for: 5m
        labels:
          severity: warning
        annotations:
          summary: "P95 延迟超过 1s"

---

基础设施即代码 (IaC)

| 工具 | 用途 | 关键原则 | | --------- | ------------ | ---------------------------- | | Terraform | 基础设施编排 | 声明式、模块化、环境隔离 | | Ansible | 配置管理 | 幂等性、Playbook 可复用 | | Scripts | 部署/回滚 | deploy.sh + rollback.sh 成对 |

> 目录结构和 Terraform 示例详见 [ci-cd.md](./ci-cd.md#基础设施即代码-iac-附录)。

---

安全最佳实践

镜像安全

# ✅ 使用特定版本,非 latest
FROM node:20-alpine

# ✅ 以非 root 用户运行
RUN addgroup -S appgroup && adduser -S appuser -G appgroup
USER appuser

# ✅ 扫描漏洞
# docker scan myimage:tag

密钥管理

| 方案 | 适用场景 | 工具 | | ------------ | ------------- | -------------------------- | | 环境变量 | 开发/简单部署 | .env 文件 | | 密钥管理服务 | 生产环境 | AWS Secrets Manager, Vault | | K8s Secrets | Kubernetes | kubectl create secret |

# 创建 K8s Secret
kubectl create secret generic app-secrets \
  --from-literal=db-password=mysecretpassword \
  --from-literal=api-key=myapikey

网络安全

# 网络策略示例 - 只允许特定来源访问
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: api-network-policy
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: api
  ingress:
    - from:
        - podSelector:
            matchLabels:
              app: frontend
      ports:
        - port: 8080

---

日志管理

结构化日志

{
  "timestamp": "2025-01-23T10:00:00Z",
  "level": "info",
  "service": "user-service",
  "traceId": "abc123",
  "message": "用户登录成功",
  "userId": "user_456",
  "duration": 45,
  "environment": "production"
}

日志级别指南

| 级别 | 用途 | 生产环境 | | ----- | ------------ | -------- | | DEBUG | 详细调试信息 | 关闭 | | INFO | 正常操作事件 | 开启 | | WARN | 潜在问题 | 开启 | | ERROR | 错误但可恢复 | 开启 | | FATAL | 致命错误

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Questions about devops.

Which coding agents can use devops?
devops installs in Claude Code, Codex, Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot, OpenCode and Windsurf with the skills CLI, using each agent's flag shown on this page. Flowy's auto-invocation, which fires a skill when your prompt matches, runs in Claude Code only.