/dspy

name: dspy
description: Build complex AI systems with declarative programming, optimize prompts automatically, create modular RAG systems and agents with DSPy - Stanford NLP's framework for systematic LM programming Also covers Outlines (guides in references/).
version: 1.0.0
author: Orchestra Research
license: MIT
tags: [Prompt Engineering, DSPy, Declarative Programming, RAG, Agents, Prompt Optimization, LM Programming, Stanford NLP, Automatic Optimization, Modular AI]
dependencies: [dspy, openai, anthropic]

DSPy: Declarative Language Model Programming

When to Use This Skill

Use DSPy when you need to:

• **Build complex AI systems** with multiple components and workflows
• **Program LMs declaratively** instead of manual prompt engineering
• **Optimize prompts automatically** using data-driven methods
• **Create modular AI pipelines** that are maintainable and portable
• **Improve model outputs systematically** with optimizers
• **Build RAG systems, agents, or classifiers** with better reliability

**GitHub Stars**: 22,000+ | **Created By**: Stanford NLP

Installation

# Stable release
pip install dspy

# Latest development version
pip install git+https://github.com/stanfordnlp/dspy.git

# With specific LM providers
pip install dspy[openai]        # OpenAI
pip install dspy[anthropic]     # Anthropic Claude
pip install dspy[all]           # All providers

Quick Start

Basic Example: Question Answering

import dspy

# Configure your language model
lm = dspy.Claude(model="claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)

# Define a signature (input → output)
class QA(dspy.Signature):
    """Answer questions with short factual answers."""
    question = dspy.InputField()
    answer = dspy.OutputField(desc="often between 1 and 5 words")

# Create a module
qa = dspy.Predict(QA)

# Use it
response = qa(question="What is the capital of France?")
print(response.answer)  # "Paris"

Chain of Thought Reasoning

import dspy

lm = dspy.Claude(model="claude-sonnet-4-5-20250929")
dspy.settings.configure(lm=lm)

# Use ChainOfThought for better reasoning
class MathProblem(dspy.Signature):
    """Solve math word problems."""
    problem = dspy.InputField()
    answer = dspy.OutputField(desc="numerical answer")

# ChainOfThought generates reasoning steps automatically
cot = dspy.ChainOfThought(MathProblem)

response = cot(problem="If John has 5 apples and gives 2 to Mary, how many does he have?")
print(response.rationale)  # Shows reasoning steps
print(response.answer)     # "3"

Core Concepts

1. Signatures

Signatures define the structure of your AI task (inputs → outputs):

# Inline signature (simple)
qa = dspy.Predict("question -> answer")

# Class signature (detailed)
class Summarize(dspy.Signature):
    """Summarize text into key points."""
    text = dspy.InputField()
    summary = dspy.OutputField(desc="bullet points, 3-5 items")

summarizer = dspy.ChainOfThought(Summarize)

**When to use each:**

• **Inline**: Quick prototyping, simple tasks
• **Class**: Complex tasks, type hints, better documentation

2. Modules

Modules are reusable components that transform inputs to outputs:

dspy.Predict

Basic prediction module:

predictor = dspy.Predict("context, question -> answer")
result = predictor(context="Paris is the capital of France",
                   question="What is the capital?")

dspy.ChainOfThought

Generates reasoning steps before answering:

cot = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> answer")
result = cot(question="Why is the sky blue?")
print(result.rationale)  # Reasoning steps
print(result.answer)     # Final answer

dspy.ReAct

Agent-like reasoning with tools:

from dspy.predict import ReAct

class SearchQA(dspy.Signature):
    """Answer questions using search."""
    question = dspy.InputField()
    answer = dspy.OutputField()

def search_tool(query: str) -> str:
    """Search Wikipedia."""
    # Your search implementation
    return results

react = ReAct(SearchQA, tools=[search_tool])
result = react(question="When was Python created?")

dspy.ProgramOfThought

Generates and executes code for reasoning:

pot = dspy.ProgramOfThought("question -> answer")
result = pot(question="What is 15% of 240?")
# Generates: answer = 240 * 0.15

3. Optimizers

Optimizers improve your modules automatically using training data:

BootstrapFewShot

Learns from examples:

from dspy.teleprompt import BootstrapFewShot

# Training data
trainset = [
    dspy.Example(question="What is 2+2?", answer="4").with_inputs("question"),
    dspy.Example(question="What is 3+5?", answer="8").with_inputs("question"),
]

# Define metric
def validate_answer(example, pred, trace=None):
    return example.answer == pred.answer

# Optimize
optimizer = BootstrapFewShot(metric=validate_answer, max_bootstrapped_demos=3)
optimized_qa = optimizer.compile(qa, trainset=trainset)

# Now optimized_qa performs better!

MIPRO (Most Important Prompt Optimization)

Iteratively improves prompts:

from dspy.teleprompt import MIPRO

optimizer = MIPRO(
    metric=validate_answer,
    num_candidates=10,
    init_temperature=1.0
)

optimized_cot = optimizer.compile(
    cot,
    trainset=trainset,
    num_trials=100
)

BootstrapFinetune

Creates datasets for model fine-tuning:

from dspy.teleprompt import BootstrapFinetune

optimizer = BootstrapFinetune(metric=validate_answer)
optimized_module = optimizer.compile(qa, trainset=trainset)

# Exports training data for fine-tuning

4. Building Complex Systems

Multi-Stage Pipeline

import dspy

class MultiHopQA(dspy.Module):
    def __init__(self):
        super().__init__()
        self.retrieve = dspy.Retrieve(k=3)
        self.generate_query = dspy.ChainOfThought("question -> search_query")
        self.generate_answer = dspy.ChainOfThought("context, q