/kb-media-accessibility

name: kb-media-accessibility
description: "Reference data, not a reviewer. Video/audio accessibility: WebVTT/SRT/TTML captions, audio descriptions, accessible media player ARIA, and WCAG 1.2.x compliance."
license: MIT
disable-model-invocation: true
user-invocable: false
metadata:
  tier: reference
  domain: cross-cutting
  output: none
  effort: low
  title: Media Accessibility

Media Accessibility Skill

Reference data for video, audio, and streaming media accessibility. Used by `media-accessibility` agent and any web agent encountering `<video>` or `<audio>` elements.

---

WCAG 1.2 Time-Based Media Criteria

Each SC, with its level, requirement and test.

| SC | Level | Requirement | Test | |----|-------|-------------|------| | 1.2.1 | A | Audio-only/video-only: provide text transcript or audio track | Transcript exists alongside media | | 1.2.2 | A | Captions for prerecorded audio in video | Synchronized captions present | | 1.2.3 | A | Audio description OR text alternative for prerecorded video | Description track or full transcript | | 1.2.4 | AA | Captions for live audio in video | Real-time captioning active | | 1.2.5 | AA | Audio description for prerecorded video | Description track present | | 1.2.6 | AAA | Sign language for prerecorded audio | Sign language interpretation video | | 1.2.7 | AAA | Extended audio description | Paused video for long descriptions | | 1.2.8 | AAA | Media alternative for prerecorded video | Full text alternative document | | 1.2.9 | AAA | Audio-only (live): text alternative | Real-time text transcript |

Caption File Formats

WebVTT (Web Video Text Tracks)

WEBVTT

00:00:01.000 --> 00:00:04.000
Welcome to the accessibility course.

00:00:04.500 --> 00:00:08.000
Today we'll cover caption best practices.

00:00:08.500 --> 00:00:12.000
<v Speaker 2>Let's start with file formats.

**Key rules:**

• File must start with `WEBVTT` header
• Timestamps: `HH:MM:SS.mmm --> HH:MM:SS.mmm`
• Speaker identification: `<v Speaker Name>Text`
• Maximum 2 lines per caption, 32 characters per line
• Minimum display time: 1 second
• Maximum display time: 7 seconds

SRT (SubRip Text)

1
00:00:01,000 --> 00:00:04,000
Welcome to the accessibility course.

2
00:00:04,500 --> 00:00:08,000
Today we'll cover caption best practices.

**Key rules:**

• Sequential numbering starting at 1
• Timestamps use comma for milliseconds (not period)
• Blank line between entries
• No styling support (unlike WebVTT)

TTML (Timed Text Markup Language)

• XML-based, used in broadcast and streaming
• Supports styling, positioning, and region layout
• IMSC (Internet Media Subtitles and Captions) is the web profile

Caption Quality Guidelines

Each metric, with its requirement.

| Metric | Requirement | |--------|------------| | Accuracy | 99%+ word accuracy | | Synchronization | Within 1 second of audio | | Speaker identification | Required when 2+ speakers | | Sound effects | Describe in brackets: `[applause]`, `[phone rings]` | | Music | Describe: `[upbeat music]`, `[dramatic orchestral score]` | | Caption rate | Maximum 200 words per minute (3 words/second) | | Line length | Maximum 32 characters per line | | Lines per caption | Maximum 2 lines | | Placement | Bottom center default; move for on-screen text |

Audio Description

Audio description narrates visual information during pauses in dialogue.

**Requirements:**

• Describe: actions, scene changes, on-screen text, facial expressions relevant to plot
• Don't describe: obvious audio cues, subjective interpretations
• Timing: fit into natural pauses; for extended descriptions (1.2.7), video pauses automatically
• Voice: distinct from program audio, clear and neutral

**HTML implementation:**

<video controls>
  <source src="video.mp4" type="video/mp4">
  <track kind="captions" src="captions-en.vtt" srclang="en" label="English" default>
  <track kind="descriptions" src="descriptions-en.vtt" srclang="en" label="English Audio Descriptions">
</video>

Accessible Media Player ARIA Patterns

Minimum Controls

Every media player must have keyboard-accessible controls for:

• Play/Pause (`role="button"`, `aria-label="Play"` / `aria-label="Pause"`)
• Volume (`role="slider"`, `aria-label="Volume"`, `aria-valuemin`, `aria-valuemax`, `aria-valuenow`)
• Seek/Progress (`role="slider"`, `aria-label="Seek"`, `aria-valuetext="2 minutes 30 seconds"`)
• Captions toggle (`role="button"`, `aria-pressed`, `aria-label="Toggle captions"`)
• Fullscreen (`role="button"`, `aria-label="Enter fullscreen"` / `aria-label="Exit fullscreen"`)

Live Region Announcements

<div aria-live="polite" class="sr-only" id="player-status">
  <!-- Announce: "Playing", "Paused", "Video ended", "Captions on", "Captions off" -->
</div>

Keyboard Shortcuts (Media Player Convention)

Each key, with its action.

| Key | Action | |-----|--------| | Space / Enter | Play/Pause | | Left Arrow | Rewind 5 seconds | | Right Arrow | Forward 5 seconds | | Up Arrow | Volume up | | Down Arrow | Volume down | | M | Mute/Unmute | | C | Toggle captions | | F | Toggle fullscreen |

Transcript Best Practices

• Provide a full-text transcript adjacent to or linked from the media
• Include speaker identification, timestamps (optional but helpful), and non-speech audio
• Transcripts benefit deaf users, search engines, and users who prefer reading
• Interactive transcripts (click a line to jump to that point) are excellent UX

Live Captioning

• WCAG 1.2.4 (AA) requires captions for live audio in synchronized media
• Options: human captioner (CART), AI-powered auto-captioning, hybrid
• AI auto-captions alone rarely meet the 99% accuracy requirement — human review or correction is recommended
• WebSocket-based caption delivery for web: push text to a `<div aria-live="polite">` container

Common Violations

Each issue, with its WCAG SC and severity.

| Issue | WCAG SC | Severity | |-------|---------|-------