/durable-objects

name: durable-objects
description: Build, debug, or review Cloudflare Durable Objects code for persistent state and coordination.

Durable Objects

Build stateful, coordinated applications on Cloudflare's edge using Durable Objects.

Retrieval Sources

Your knowledge of Durable Objects APIs and configuration may be outdated. **Prefer retrieval over pre-training** for any Durable Objects task.

| Resource | URL | |----------|-----| | Docs | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/ | | API Reference | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/api/ | | Best Practices | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/best-practices/ | | Examples | https://developers.cloudflare.com/durable-objects/examples/ |

Fetch the relevant doc page when implementing features.

When to Use

• Creating new Durable Object classes for stateful coordination
• Implementing RPC methods, alarms, or WebSocket handlers
• Reviewing existing DO code for best practices
• Configuring wrangler.jsonc/toml for DO bindings and migrations
• Writing tests with Cloudflare’s Vitest integration
• Designing sharding strategies and parent-child relationships

Reference Documentation

• `./references/rules.md` - Core rules, storage, concurrency, RPC, alarms
• [Testing reference](./references/testing.md) - Current Vitest documentation, migration choices, and test selection
• `./references/workers.md` - Workers handlers, types, wrangler config, observability

Search: `blockConcurrencyWhile`, `idFromName`, `getByName`, `setAlarm`, `sql.exec`

Core Principles

Use Durable Objects For

| Need | Example | |------|---------| | Coordination | Chat rooms, multiplayer games, collaborative docs | | Strong consistency | Inventory, booking systems, turn-based games | | Per-entity storage | Multi-tenant SaaS, per-user data | | Persistent connections | WebSockets, real-time notifications | | Scheduled work per entity | Subscription renewals, game timeouts |

Do NOT Use For

• Stateless request handling (use plain Workers)
• Maximum global distribution needs
• High fan-out independent requests

Quick Reference

Wrangler Configuration

// wrangler.jsonc
{
  "durable_objects": {
    "bindings": [{ "name": "MY_DO", "class_name": "MyDurableObject" }]
  },
  "migrations": [{ "tag": "v1", "new_sqlite_classes": ["MyDurableObject"] }]
}

Basic Durable Object Pattern

import { DurableObject } from "cloudflare:workers";

export interface Env {
  MY_DO: DurableObjectNamespace<MyDurableObject>;
}

export class MyDurableObject extends DurableObject<Env> {
  constructor(ctx: DurableObjectState, env: Env) {
    super(ctx, env);
    ctx.blockConcurrencyWhile(async () => {
      this.ctx.storage.sql.exec(`
        CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS items (
          id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
          data TEXT NOT NULL
        )
      `);
    });
  }

  async addItem(data: string): Promise<number> {
    const result = this.ctx.storage.sql.exec<{ id: number }>(
      "INSERT INTO items (data) VALUES (?) RETURNING id",
      data
    );
    return result.one().id;
  }
}

export default {
  async fetch(request: Request, env: Env): Promise<Response> {
    const stub = env.MY_DO.getByName("my-instance");
    const id = await stub.addItem("hello");
    return Response.json({ id });
  },
};

Critical Rules

1. **Model around coordination atoms** - One DO per chat room/game/user, not one global DO 2. **Use `getByName()` for deterministic routing** - Same input = same DO instance 3. **Use SQLite storage** - Configure `new_sqlite_classes` in migrations 4. **Initialize in constructor** - Use `blockConcurrencyWhile()` for schema setup only 5. **Use RPC methods** - Not fetch() handler (compatibility date >= 2024-04-03) 6. **Persist first, cache second** - Always write to storage before updating in-memory state 7. **One alarm per DO** - `setAlarm()` replaces any existing alarm

Anti-Patterns (NEVER)

• Single global DO handling all requests (bottleneck)
• Using `blockConcurrencyWhile()` on every request (kills throughput)
• Storing critical state only in memory (lost on eviction/crash)
• Using `await` between related storage writes (breaks atomicity)
• Holding `blockConcurrencyWhile()` across `fetch()` or external I/O

Stub Creation

// Deterministic - preferred for most cases
const stub = env.MY_DO.getByName("room-123");

// From existing ID string
const id = env.MY_DO.idFromString(storedIdString);
const stub = env.MY_DO.get(id);

// New unique ID - store mapping externally
const id = env.MY_DO.newUniqueId();
const stub = env.MY_DO.get(id);

Storage Operations

// SQL (synchronous, recommended)
this.ctx.storage.sql.exec("INSERT INTO t (c) VALUES (?)", value);
const rows = this.ctx.storage.sql.exec<Row>("SELECT * FROM t").toArray();

// KV (async)
await this.ctx.storage.put("key", value);
const val = await this.ctx.storage.get<Type>("key");

Alarms

// Schedule (replaces existing)
await this.ctx.storage.setAlarm(Date.now() + 60_000);

// Handler
async alarm(): Promise<void> {
  // Process scheduled work
  // Optionally reschedule: await this.ctx.storage.setAlarm(...)
}

// Cancel
await this.ctx.storage.deleteAlarm();

Testing

Read the [testing reference](./references/testing.md) before configuring a suite or writing Durable Object tests. It routes to current setup, APIs, and examples and identifies the behavior to cover.