/mobility-and-transport

name: mobility-and-transport
description: >-
  Comprehensive mobility and transport planning for urban design including trip
  generation, mode split targets, street network connectivity, transit planning,
  cycling network design, pedestrian accessibility, freight and servicing
  strategy, parking demand management, and traffic impact assessment. Use when
  the user asks about transport planning, trip generation, mode split, traffic
  impact, transit catchment, cycling network, pedestrian access, freight
  servicing, mobility hubs, first-last mile, level of service, vehicle-km
  traveled, or any movement and accessibility question beyond individual street
  cross-section design. Also use for transport demand management (TDM),
  multimodal integration, or mobility frameworks for masterplan transport
  chapters.

Mobility and Transport Planning Skill

This skill provides a comprehensive transport and mobility planning framework for urban design at the neighborhood, district, and city scales. It draws on ITE Trip Generation (11th Edition), TfL transport assessment guidance, ITDP standards, NACTO transit street guidance, Dutch cycling infrastructure design manuals (CROW), and global best practices from cities achieving high non-car mode shares.

The goal is to ensure every urban design proposal includes a robust, multimodal transport strategy that prioritizes walking, cycling, and transit over private car use, while handling freight and servicing efficiently.

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1. Transport Demand Estimation

1.1 Trip Generation by Land Use (ITE 11th Edition Basis)

Use the following rates for preliminary transport demand estimation. Rates are per unit (dwelling, 100m2 GFA, room, seat) and represent daily person-trips (all modes). Apply mode split factors (Section 2) to convert to vehicle trips.

**Residential**

| Type | Unit | Daily Person-Trips | AM Peak | PM Peak | |------|------|--------------------|---------|---------| | Detached house | per dwelling | 9.4 | 0.74 | 1.00 | | Townhouse / row house | per dwelling | 7.2 | 0.56 | 0.76 | | Low-rise apartment (1-3 floors) | per dwelling | 6.6 | 0.51 | 0.62 | | Mid-rise apartment (4-10 floors) | per dwelling | 5.4 | 0.36 | 0.44 | | High-rise apartment (11+ floors) | per dwelling | 4.2 | 0.30 | 0.36 | | Student housing | per bed | 3.6 | 0.28 | 0.32 | | Senior housing | per unit | 3.0 | 0.20 | 0.24 |

**Commercial / Office**

| Type | Unit | Daily Person-Trips | AM Peak | PM Peak | |------|------|--------------------|---------|---------| | General office | per 100m2 GFA | 11.0 | 1.56 | 1.49 | | Medical office | per 100m2 GFA | 36.1 | 2.78 | 3.46 | | Business park | per 100m2 GFA | 12.4 | 1.73 | 1.74 | | Co-working / flexible | per 100m2 GFA | 14.0 | 1.90 | 1.80 |

**Retail**

| Type | Unit | Daily Person-Trips | AM Peak | PM Peak | |------|------|--------------------|---------|---------| | Neighborhood retail | per 100m2 GFA | 42.7 | 1.03 | 3.75 | | Shopping center | per 100m2 GFA | 37.8 | 0.96 | 3.41 | | Supermarket | per 100m2 GFA | 102.2 | 3.40 | 9.48 | | Convenience store | per 100m2 GFA | 737.0 | 33.6 | 52.4 | | Restaurant / F&B | per 100m2 GFA | 89.9 | 0.73 | 7.49 |

**Civic / Institutional**

| Type | Unit | Daily Person-Trips | AM Peak | PM Peak | |------|------|--------------------|---------|---------| | Primary school | per student | 1.5 | 0.80 | 0.28 | | Secondary school | per student | 1.7 | 0.75 | 0.28 | | University | per student | 2.4 | 0.56 | 0.17 | | Hospital | per bed | 11.2 | 1.07 | 0.93 | | Community center | per 100m2 GFA | 33.3 | 0.73 | 3.22 | | Place of worship | per seat | 0.6 | 0.01 | 0.04 | | Library | per 100m2 GFA | 54.0 | 1.25 | 4.90 |

**Hospitality**

| Type | Unit | Daily Person-Trips | AM Peak | PM Peak | |------|------|--------------------|---------|---------| | Hotel (business) | per room | 8.2 | 0.60 | 0.59 | | Hotel (resort) | per room | 5.6 | 0.32 | 0.41 | | Serviced apartment | per unit | 4.8 | 0.34 | 0.40 |

1.2 Aggregation Method

For a mixed-use district, total daily person-trips:

Total Person-Trips = Sum of (units x trip rate) for each use

Then apply internal capture reduction:
- Mixed-use districts with vertical/horizontal mix: 10-25% internal capture
- Single-use zones: 0-5% internal capture
- TOD areas: additional 5-15% reduction for transit proximity

Adjusted Person-Trips = Total x (1 - internal_capture) x (1 - transit_reduction)

1.3 Peak Hour Analysis

Peak hours determine intersection capacity requirements:

AM Peak Vehicle Trips = Adjusted Person-Trips x AM_peak_factor x car_mode_share
PM Peak Vehicle Trips = Adjusted Person-Trips x PM_peak_factor x car_mode_share

Where:
  AM_peak_factor = AM Peak Trip Rate / Daily Trip Rate (typically 0.08-0.12)
  PM_peak_factor = PM Peak Trip Rate / Daily Trip Rate (typically 0.09-0.14)

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2. Mode Split Framework

2.1 Target Mode Split by Context

Mode split targets depend on urban context, transit provision, and design quality. Use the following as starting targets, then adjust based on transit investment and design interventions.

| Context | Walk | Cycle | Transit | Car | Freight | |---------|------|-------|---------|-----|---------| | CBD / Urban Core | 25-35% | 5-15% | 35-45% | 10-25% | 2-5% | | Inner Urban (TOD) | 20-30% | 10-20% | 25-35% | 20-35% | 3-5% | | Urban Neighborhood | 15-25% | 8-15% | 15-25% | 35-50% | 3-5% | | Suburban Center | 10-15% | 5-10% | 10-20% | 55-70% | 3-5% | | Suburban Residential | 5-10% | 3-8% | 5-15% | 65-80% | 2-4% | | Campus / Innovation | 20-30% | 15-25% | 15-25% | 25-40% | 2-4% | | Rural / Village | 15-25% | 5-10% | 2-8% | 55-75% | 5-8% |

2.2 Mode Shift Levers

Each intervention shifts mode share. Combine levers to reach targets:

| Intervention | Car Trip Reduction | Evidence Base | |---|---|---| | High-quality transit (metro/BRT within 400m) | 15-30% | ITDP, TfL | | Protected cycle network (AAA standard) | 5-15% | CROW, Copenhagen | | Walkable street network (intersection den