/django-security

name: django-security
description: Django 安全最佳实践，涵盖身份验证、授权、CSRF 防护、SQL 注入预防、XSS 预防以及安全部署配置。
origin: ECC

Django 安全最佳实践 (Django Security Best Practices)

针对 Django 应用程序的全面安全指南，旨在防范常见漏洞。

何时启用

• 设置 Django 身份验证 (Authentication) 和授权 (Authorization) 时
• 实现用户权限和角色时
• 配置生产环境安全设置时
• 审查 Django 应用程序的安全问题时
• 将 Django 应用程序部署到生产环境时

核心安全设置

生产环境设置配置

# settings/production.py
import os

DEBUG = False  # 关键：在生产环境中严禁设为 True

ALLOWED_HOSTS = os.environ.get('ALLOWED_HOSTS', '').split(',')

# 安全响应头
SECURE_SSL_REDIRECT = True
SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE = True
CSRF_COOKIE_SECURE = True
SECURE_HSTS_SECONDS = 31536000  # 1 年
SECURE_HSTS_INCLUDE_SUBDOMAINS = True
SECURE_HSTS_PRELOAD = True
SECURE_CONTENT_TYPE_NOSNIFF = True
SECURE_BROWSER_XSS_FILTER = True
X_FRAME_OPTIONS = 'DENY'

# HTTPS 和 Cookie
SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
CSRF_COOKIE_HTTPONLY = True
SESSION_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'
CSRF_COOKIE_SAMESITE = 'Lax'

# 密钥（必须通过环境变量设置）
SECRET_KEY = os.environ.get('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY')
if not SECRET_KEY:
    raise ImproperlyConfigured('DJANGO_SECRET_KEY environment variable is required')

# 密码校验
AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator',
        'OPTIONS': {
            'min_length': 12,
        }
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator',
    },
    {
        'NAME': 'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator',
    },
]

身份验证 (Authentication)

自定义用户模型

# apps/users/models.py
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser
from django.db import models

class User(AbstractUser):
    """自定义用户模型，以提供更好的安全性。"""

    email = models.EmailField(unique=True)
    phone = models.CharField(max_length=20, blank=True)

    USERNAME_FIELD = 'email'  # 使用邮箱作为用户名
    REQUIRED_FIELDS = ['username']

    class Meta:
        db_table = 'users'
        verbose_name = 'User'
        verbose_name_plural = 'Users'

    def __str__(self):
        return self.email

# settings/base.py
AUTH_USER_MODEL = 'users.User'

密码哈希

# Django 默认使用 PBKDF2。为了更强的安全性，可以使用：
PASSWORD_HASHERS = [
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.Argon2PasswordHasher',
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2PasswordHasher',
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.PBKDF2SHA1PasswordHasher',
    'django.contrib.auth.hashers.BCryptSHA256PasswordHasher',
]

会话管理 (Session Management)

# 会话配置
SESSION_ENGINE = 'django.contrib.sessions.backends.cache'  # 或 'db'
SESSION_CACHE_ALIAS = 'default'
SESSION_COOKIE_AGE = 3600 * 24 * 7  # 1 周
SESSION_SAVE_EVERY_REQUEST = False
SESSION_EXPIRE_AT_BROWSER_CLOSE = False  # 更好的用户体验，但安全性略低

授权 (Authorization)

权限

# models.py
from django.db import models
from django.contrib.auth.models import Permission

class Post(models.Model):
    title = models.CharField(max_length=200)
    content = models.TextField()
    author = models.ForeignKey(User, on_delete=models.CASCADE)

    class Meta:
        permissions = [
            ('can_publish', 'Can publish posts'),
            ('can_edit_others', 'Can edit posts of others'),
        ]

    def user_can_edit(self, user):
        """检查用户是否可以编辑此帖子。"""
        return self.author == user or user.has_perm('app.can_edit_others')

# views.py
from django.contrib.auth.mixins import LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin
from django.views.generic import UpdateView

class PostUpdateView(LoginRequiredMixin, PermissionRequiredMixin, UpdateView):
    model = Post
    permission_required = 'app.can_edit_others'
    raise_exception = True  # 返回 403 而不是重定向

    def get_queryset(self):
        """仅允许用户编辑自己的帖子。"""
        return Post.objects.filter(author=self.request.user)

自定义权限

# permissions.py
from rest_framework import permissions

class IsOwnerOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
    """仅允许所有者编辑对象。"""

    def has_object_permission(self, request, view, obj):
        # 允许任何请求的只读权限
        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
            return True

        # 写入权限仅限所有者
        return obj.author == request.user

class IsAdminOrReadOnly(permissions.BasePermission):
    """允许管理员进行任何操作，其他人仅限只读。"""

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        if request.method in permissions.SAFE_METHODS:
            return True
        return request.user and request.user.is_staff

class IsVerifiedUser(permissions.BasePermission):
    """仅允许已验证的用户。"""

    def has_permission(self, request, view):
        return request.user and request.user.is_authenticated and request.user.is_verified

基于角色的访问控制 (RBAC)

# models.py
from django.contrib.auth.models import AbstractUser, Group

class User(AbstractUser):
    ROLE_CHOICES = [
        ('admin', 'Administrator'),
        ('moderator', 'Moderator'),
        ('user', 'Regular User'),
    ]
    role = models.CharField(max_length=20, choices=ROLE_CHOICES, default='user')

    def is_admin(self):
        return self.role == 'admin' or self.is_superuser

    def is_moderator(self):
        return self.role in ['admin', 'moderator']

# Mixins
class AdminRequiredMixin:
    """要求管理员角色的 Mixin。"""

    def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
        if not request.user.is_authenticated or not request.user.is_admin():
            from django.core.exceptions import PermissionDenied
            raise PermissionDenied
        return super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs)

SQL 注入预防

Django ORM 保护

# 正确：Django ORM 会自动对参数进行转义
def get_user(username):
    return User.objects.get(username=username)  # 安全

# 正确：在 raw() 中使用参数
def search_users(query):
    return User.objects.raw('SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = %s', [query])

# 错误：严禁直接插值用户输入
def get_user_bad(username):
    return User.objects.raw(f'SELECT * FROM users WHERE username = {username}')  # 存在漏洞！

# 正确：使用带有适当转义的 fil